Animals in ancient India were deeply revered as spiritual beings and economic assets, with domestication occurring as early as 6000–4500 BC for species like dogs, buffaloes, elephants, and fowls. By the Mauryan period (322–232 BC), animal husbandry was highly advanced, featuring the first known veterinary hospitals established by Emperor Ashoka and detailed regulations in the Arthashastra regarding livestock care.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_legendary_creatures_in_Hindu_mythology
Religious and Cultural Significance: Animals were viewed as companions with souls rather than mere tools; the cow was considered the "best wealth" and sacred (Aghnya), while the dog was honored for loyalty, famously depicted in the Mahabharata accompanying Yudhishthira to heaven. Elephants served as war assets and royal companions, horses were trained for chariots and battles, and birds like parrots and pigeons were kept as family members believed to bring spiritual energy.
Scientific and Administrative Management: Ancient India pioneered veterinary medicine with experts like Shalihotra (horse medicine) and Palakapya (elephant medicine), who authored texts on Haya Ayurveda and Gaja Ayurveda. The state enforced strict animal welfare laws, including capital punishment for killing cows or elephants, mandated pasture lands for grazing, and developed surgical techniques for treating fractures, wounds, and diseases long before the era of modern anesthesia